give me an example of deductive reasoning please
Sure, here's an example of deductive reasoning: Premise 1: All mammals have lungs. Premise 2: A whale is a mammal. Conclusion: Therefore, a whale has lungs.
This is an example of deductive reasoning because the conclusion is reached by logically applying the premises. The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, so if the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.
is this valid, all therapists give advice, my mother gives advice, therefore my mother is a therapist
No, this is not a valid deductive argument. The first premise states that "All therapists give advice," but it does not necessarily follow that everyone who gives advice is a therapist. In the same way, just because your mother gives advice, it does not logically follow that she is a therapist.
The argument uses a faulty form of reasoning known as affirming the consequent, which occurs when one assumes that if the consequent (in this case, giving advice) is true, then the antecedent (being a therapist) must also be true. This form of reasoning is invalid because there may be other reasons why someone might give advice besides being a therapist. Therefore, this argument is not a valid example of deductive reasoning.
can you give me an example in the realm of giving advice that would be a valid deductive argument
Certainly! Here is an example of a valid deductive argument in the realm of giving advice:
Premise 1: People who have experience in a certain field can provide valuable advice about that field.
Premise 2: Bill Gates has experience in the field of computer science.
Conclusion: Therefore, Bill Gates can provide valuable advice about computer science.
This is a valid deductive argument because the conclusion logically follows from the premises. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true. Since the first premise states that people with experience in a certain field can provide valuable advice about that field, and the second premise states that Bill Gates has experience in the field of computer science, then it logically follows that Bill Gates can provide valuable advice about computer science.
how about, some people who give advice are therapists, my mother gave me advice, my mother may be a therapist
This argument is not a valid deductive argument, but it is an example of a valid inductive argument. Inductive arguments are arguments that are based on evidence and observations, and the conclusion is supported by the premises but does not necessarily follow from them with absolute certainty. In this argument, the first premise states that "some people who give advice are therapists," which means that not all people who give advice are therapists. The second premise states that "my mother gave me advice," which is a true statement.
From these premises, the conclusion "my mother may be a therapist" is a reasonable inference, but it is not necessarily true. There could be other reasons why your mother gave you advice, and just because someone gives advice does not mean that they are necessarily a therapist. Therefore, this argument is not a valid deductive argument, but it is a valid inductive argument based on the premises provided.
tell me about euler and his circles
Leonhard Euler was an 18th-century Swiss mathematician who made significant contributions to many areas of mathematics and science. One of his most famous contributions was the development of a diagrammatic representation of sets and their relationships known as Euler diagrams or circles. Euler's circles are used to represent the relationships between sets and their elements, and they are made up of circles that are used to represent the sets themselves. For example, if we have two sets A and B, we can represent their relationship using an Euler diagram by drawing two circles that overlap, with one circle representing set A and the other representing set B.
The area where the two circles overlap represents the elements that are common to both sets. Euler's circles can be used to represent more complex relationships between sets by adding additional circles and overlap regions. Euler's circles are now widely used in many areas of mathematics, logic, and computer science, as well as in fields such as linguistics, biology, and philosophy. Euler's circles are also related to Venn diagrams, which were developed by another mathematician named John Venn in the 19th century. Venn diagrams are similar to Euler diagrams but are more flexible and can represent more complex relationships between sets. However, Euler's circles remain an important and widely used tool in mathematics and logic to this day.
how are euler circles used in linguistics
Euler circles can be used in linguistics to represent the relationships between sets of linguistic categories, such as parts of speech, word classes, or syntactic constructions. For example, in syntax, we might use Euler circles to represent the relationship between different types of clauses or phrases. Let's take the example of simple sentences in English. We can represent the relationship between the subject and the verb using an Euler diagram, as follows:
Circle A: contains the set of all noun phrases (NP) Circle B: contains the set of all verb phrases (VP) The overlap between Circle A and Circle B represents the set of all simple sentences (S) in which a noun phrase serves as the subject and a verb phrase serves as the predicate. Thus, we can represent this relationship using the following Euler diagram:
+-------+
| NP |
+-------+
/ \
/ \
/ \
+-------+ +-------+
| VP | | S |
+-------+ +-------+
In this diagram, the overlap region represents the set of all simple sentences (S) that can be formed using a noun phrase (NP) as the subject and a verb phrase (VP) as the predicate. Euler circles can also be used to represent relationships between phonological features, morphemes, and other linguistic units. They are a useful tool for visualizing complex linguistic data and can help linguists to identify patterns and relationships between different categories and structures in a language.